Tag Archives: Ray Massey

When No Info is Good Info: A City Not Listening, the Antique Mall, and Newberry Hall

A sunny Saturday afternoon in downtown Aiken, July 2022 (Photo courtesy of Michael Aiken)

Three recent Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests to the City of Aiken regarding the ongoing downtown demolition and redevelopment endeavor known as Project Pascalis yielded either no documents or incomplete documentation. But the paucity of documentation functions, in these cases, as good information shining more bad light on the vagaries of Project Pascalis.

The following information is good to know: 

  1. The City of Aiken has not compiled an account of questions and answers from its Project Pascalis public meetings of April 20th, 2022, and one of its meeting transcripts (which it has yet to release) omits all public comment. (1)
  2. An offer was made to purchase the Aiken Antique Mall in March, 2021 as part of a larger land consolidation effort during the earliest stage of project development (2). The Aiken City Attorney’s law firm billed Weldon Wyatt’s investment and development firm WTC, Investments, LLC for the effort. 
  3. There is no contract yet between the City of Aiken and Newberry Hall’s operators for the management and operation of the proposed city-owned conference center. (3)
The City’s Listening Skills Are Not on Display 

The City of Aiken’s website includes a five year old page titled “City of Aiken Revitalization Project.” This was the “Downtown Renaissance” project that included some elements found in the Project Pascalis proposal, but was more dispersed and did not involve demolishing a substantial portion of downtown Aiken. On that page, the City declared:

Downtown revitalization takes initiative, courage, and vision to look at what makes for a vibrant, walkable, livable center that fosters community vibrancy while creating economic opportunity. Aiken is no different. Our history of downtown revitalization is strong and the City stands ready to face the next chapter of downtown development. (4)

Although the “Downtown Renaissance” plan became mired in controversy and faded into recent history, the city did document citizen concerns in great detail. The revitalization project website features twenty pages of “Questions submitted from the public,” and links to other documents containing more than one hundred pages of comments and questions. 

In contrast, the City of Aiken has no similar record of public input for Project Pascalis. The two transcripts from the April 20, 2022 public meetings, when the city promised to have transcripts the next day, are poor and incomplete records of that event:

a. The morning meeting “You Tube” transcript is painfully difficult to read and does not identify speakers; and
b. The evening meeting transcript ends when public comment begins. 

Until now,  no transcript has ever been released to the public. 

When asked for a copy of a question and answer document similar to the one found for the “Downtown Renassaince,” the city came up empty. No efforts to document citizen questions and comments has occurred. Listening is not on the city’s agenda for Project Pascalis. 

The Antique Mall Was Targeted as Part of the Original Project Pascalis
Aiken Antique Mall, July 2022 (Photo courtesy of Michael Aiken)

The ownership of the Aiken Antique Mall has not changed hands, and there is no proposal to demolish it. But it was part of the aggressive effort to consolidate downtown property ownership to facilitate a major demolition and redevelopment project.

This consolidation effort is encouraged by the city’s “master economic development plan” completed by AECOM corporation in 2021, which cites “fragmented property ownership” as one of the “challenges for large-scale redevelopment.” This “fragmented property ownership” issue was cited by City Council in August, 2021 as a key justification to issue $10 million in bonds for the AMDC to purchase Parkway District properties. 

An offer (or offers) was made on the Aiken Antique Mall, and Weldon Wyatt’s investment and development firms had enough confidence the property would be obtained to include it in the first concept plans completed in April, 2021 by The Boudreaux Group. (5) 

In response to a FOIA request for the Antique Mall purchase and sale offer, the City of Aiken declared there is no responsive document. In response to a follow-up question, Aiken Economic Development Director and designated FOIA officer Tim O’Briant wrote:

WTC/GAC made an offer on the referenced property in the same timeframe that the firm(s) secured contracts on the other adjacent parcels. These discussions and agreements were in place prior to them approaching the City/AMDC about a public-private partnership and before the parties entered a cost-sharing agreement.

Since the contract on properties collectively referred to as “the Shah property” was secured on March 2, 2021 and the cost-sharing agreement was finalized on March 23, 2021, an offer on the Antique Mall was made during that period. It was then included in the planning process. Whether the developers had the consent of the owner to include their property in any plans is unknown at this point. 

What is known is that the Aiken City Attorney’s law firm billed WTC Investments, LLC for $6,800 to “prepare contracts and negotiate contracts for purchase of hotel, purchase of Mrs. Anderson’s property and purchase of Antique Mall.” (6) 

Another unknown is the status of the land consolidation effort that attempted to encompass the Antique Mall. The City of Aiken’s official economic growth strategy discourages “fragmented property ownership patterns.”

Aiken Antique Malll
Aiken Antique Mall, July 2022 (Photo courtesy of Michael Aiken)
Aiken Antique Mall detail, (Photo courtesy of Donald Moniak)

The Aiken Antique Mall property with its facade of flaking paint could be portrayed as crumbling and blighted by another slick public relations campaign targeting more properties for demolition and redevelopment. What is to stop it? 

Newberry Hall: No Contract, Yet. 

Newberry Hall is a private business catering to conferences, meetings, and weddings. It is a common venue for groups hosting political leaders. The influential Aiken Republican Club holds its monthly breakfasts there, which in June 2022 featured U.S. Congressman Joe Wilson. 

Newberry Hall’s website includes numerous favorable reviews, such as this one from City of Aiken public information officer Chris Ceasar: 

Newberry Hall is one of the premiere catering facilities in Aiken County. Whatever your dining pleasure, they can and will accommodate. The staff is very professional. The cuisine is most delectable. The facility is gorgeous. Try Newberry Hall. You will be pleasantly surprised!

Newberry Hall accurately describes its property located at 117 Newberry Street, SW as follows: 

Newberry Hall is on a tree-lined and beautifully landscaped city street in the heart of downtown Aiken. Walk through the front doors of Newberry Hall and enter the perfect environment for your social or corporate event.

Newberry Hall, July 2022. (Photo courtesy of Michael Aiken)

In March 2021 the development team led by Weldon Wyatt and Ray Massey sought to demolish this fixture of downtown Aiken life and the surrounding landscaping and replace it with a larger conference center connected to a new hotel. Eventually they signed a contract  with the owner, Myrtle Anderson, to purchase the property for $2 million. 

This negotiation was no cakewalk. Newberry Hall collectively negotiated favorable terms for the owner/operators of the Newberry Hall business, Patrick and Natalie Carlisle, and an “Agreement for Regarding Lease and Option” was added to the purchase and sale agreement and signed by Ms. Anderson and Weldon Wyatt. This agreement, first finalized on April 15, 2021, was retained by the Aiken Municipal Development Commission after the contracts were transferred to it via the Aiken Chamber of Commerce, which took “assignment” of the property from WTC Investments, LLC on June 3, 2021. 

The lease and option agreement included options for Newberry Hall to purchase the new building, operate the new city owned conference center, and be compensated for lost income during the construction period. The agreement states: 

C. The development of the Project contemplates that the improvements on the Property would be demolished and replaced with a larger conference center and kitchen and that Carlisle would be compensated for loss of income during interruption of Carlisle’ s business and would lease the replacement conference center and kitchen pursuant to a replacement lease and operating agreement, the terms of which are under discussion but are not finalized (the “Operating Agreement”).

D. Section 5 of the Lease provides Carlisle with a purchase option (the “Option”) that would be triggered by the closing of the Purchase.

E. Anderson and Carlisle desire to that Commission close the Purchase without triggering the Option and have requested that Carlisle grant a one-time waiver of the Option to allow Carlisle and Commission more time to attempt to finalize an Operating Agreement.

In its response to the FOIA request for the contract to operate the future conference center, the The City of Aiken “determined that no contract as described has been considered for approval by Aiken City Council or the AMDC and to date no such instrument has been executed by the parties referenced.” 

The city did not provide any more information, yet, no followup questions have been posed. The fact that “no such instrument has been executed” implies that such an instrument is still under negotiation, and would arguably be exempt from disclosure by SC FOIA law due to being a contract under negotiation and not a final product. 

Newberry Hall, July 2022. (Photo courtesy of Debbie Traves Brown)

If Project Pascalis survives legal challenges and citizen outcry, downtown Aiken will endure a minimum of three years of major demolition followed by construction. By comparison, reconstruction of The Alley took sixteen months and the Hotel Aiken has been vacant for four years. The Wedding parties, meetings, conferences, breakfasts, and other events routinely held at Newberry Hall will be held elsewhere. How much of a loss to downtown businesses will this inflict? 

Commentary

Prying information from any government body that selectively spoon feeds the people its version of the truth can bring to mind former Secretary of State Donald Rumsfeld’s famous musing about information, a series of concepts so complex that even he tripped over them during later interviews. 

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“There are known knowns. These are things we know that we know. There are known unknowns. That is to say, there are things that we know we don’t know. But there are also unknown unknowns. There are things we don’t know we don’t know.” 

— Donald Rumsfeld

The secrecy and intrigue surrounding the $100 million downtown Aiken demolition and redevelopment endeavor known as Project Pascalis pales in comparison to the world of international nuclear insecurity that Rumsfeld was in part referring to that day. But the concept of information confusion is relevant to any process plagued by secrecy. 

The details of Project Pascalis were kept secret for eight full months in 2021, and the AMDC met in closed door executive session more than fifty percent of the time since the project was announced in March, 2021, primarily to discuss the project. (8) 

My wife describes ‘transparency’ as “something you can see through,” while ‘openness’ means “listening to and talking about what people see on the other side.” The City of Aiken likes to talk about being transparent, but continues to disregard the more important character trait of openness during this process. 

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(1) A FOIA request was filed on July 6th for “1. A transcript of both April 20, 2022 public “design workshop” meetings held at 214 Park Avenue W. The meetings were also was held on Zoom, and during the 530-700 pm meeting, and during this Zoom call participants were asked if they wanted a transcript of the meeting. 2. All comments and questions submitted to the Zoom moderator. 3. Any compilation of questions and answers by City of Aiken and/or AMDC staff from the April 20, 2022 meetings. If they exist, these documents should be readily available with minimal search time.”

The City responded the same day with three documents: 

a. A You Tube transcript for the morning session lacking identification of speakers and disrupted with time notifications. 
b. An orderly transcript of the afternoon/evening session that omits all public comments. 
c. Screen shots of the Zoom comments. 

No compilation of questions and answers from the meetings were provided, and none exist. 

(2) A FOIA request was filed on July 11th for a “copy of the purchase (agreement) of the Antique mall referenced in the attached invoice. Since this was a part of the public-private cost sharing agreement between the AMDC and GAC, LLC, this should be available from the City of Aiken.” 

The city replied there was no “responsive record,” meaning the record may exist but they do not possess it. The city did confirm “discussions” to purchase the property:

The City replied determined the invoiced charge was related to  initial discussions with the owners of the referenced parcels by GAC, LCC. No agreement was struck, the property was never placed under contract with nor purchased by GAC, LLC, the City of Aiken nor the AMDC. Therefore, there is no responsive record.” (1) 

In a subsequent answer to a followup question, the city replied: 

“WTC/GAC made an offer on the referenced property in the same timeframe that the firm(s) secured contracts on the other adjacent parcels. These discussions and agreements were in place prior to them approaching the City/AMDC about a public-private partnership and before the parties entered a cost-sharing agreement. Therefore, no documents related to the earlier unsuccessful offer on the referenced property were ever shared with either the City or the AMDC. If such a record were available within the City’s possession and control, I’d be happy to provide it. There simply isn’t one.” 

(3) A FOIA request was filed on July 8, 2022 requesting: 

“A copy of The contract between the City of Aike or AMDC and the owners and operators of Newberry Hall for Rental and operation of the proposed City of Aiken conference center.” 

The city responded: 

“The City of Aiken has determined that no contract as described has been considered for approval by Aiken City Council or the AMDC and to date no such instrument has been executed by the parties referenced.” 

(4) https://www.cityofaikensc.gov/aiken-revitalization-project/

(5) Details of the first Project Pascalis conceptual plans are at: 

(6) Invoice obtained through Freedom of Information Act. 

(7) The purchase and sale agreement and lease agreement between WTC Investments and Newberry Hall’s owner is available at: 

The document was first released to Kelly Cornelius via a FOIA request prior to the AMDC posting it to its “transparency” page. 

The final PSA and lease agreement involving the AMDC is at: 

The lease agreement begins on page 39. 

(8) Three previous reports and letters regarding openness can be found at The Aiken Chronicles: 

A June 21, 2022 letter to the Design Review Board 

A May 27, 2022 report “Did the AMDC Violate Open Meetings Laws?” 

A report “Project Pascalis Transparency Index,” updated July 1, 2022: 

Project Pascalis Includes The Alley (A Four-Part Series): Part Three

The City, Wyatt, Ray and His Group, and Creative Ways

As previously reported, the $100 million plus downtown demolition and redevelopment project named Project Pascalis actually involves two project areas. The unpublicized  second project area is the popular commercial district and gathering spot known as The Alley, which has been a central and not peripheral part of the project. 

One way to think about this is to picture two adjacent construction zones.  

One zone is controlled by the City of Aiken’s Municipal Development Commission (AMDC) and its developers: first Weldon Wyatt’s GAC, LLC, which had contracts on seven properties, and now RPM Development Partners, LLC, which is seeking to purchase the seven properties at a discount from the city. It also involves a public-private partnership with a cost sharing agreement between the two. Because public funds and a public body are involved, the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) allows for better access to information, and a stricter set of rules applies to obtaining project approvals from city boards and council. Specifically, South Carolina Community Development law applies in this case because the AMDC is governed by Chapter 10 of that law. 

The second zone is privately controlled by Aiken Alley Holdings, LLC (Agent: Ray Massey), whose investors have remained silent, and are hereafter referred to as “Ray and his group” or “Ray’s group.”  Aiken Alley Holdings owns four properties in the project area. Because these properties are not part of any public-private cost sharing agreement, their plans and communications are not subject to FOIA and South Carolina Community Development law. 

Between March 2, 2021 and May 20, 2021 the two zones were treated more as a whole. The conceptual designs by the Boudreaux Group (an architectural firm who had signed an agreement with GAC, LLC in March) and its consultants clearly illustrate a seamless development that involved the Shah and Newberry Hall properties (under a purchase contract to Weldon Wyatt’s WTC Investments, LLC in the city’s zone) and properties owned by, or being sought by, Ray and his group.

Between June and November, 2021, the two zones were in limbo after Wyatt withdrew from the public-private project and the AMDC pursued a new developer, with some coordination with Ray’s group. 

Since November, 2021, the AMDC and its developer, RPM Development Partners, have controlled discussion and plans of the public-private zone, while plans for the private zone remain the purview of Ray and his group and have been withheld from public view. 

However, RPM stands for Raines, Purser and (Ray) Massey. At the April 20, 2022 AMDC public meeting, moderator Tim O’Briant stated that each party owns 1/3 of RPM. Ray and his group are a part of the public-private zone, but the AMDC is not a part of the private zone controlled by Ray’s group. If this were a swimming pool, the AMDC is only allowed to swim in the deep end, while Ray’s group can use the whole pool, an arrangement that has serious financial implications for taxpayer liability. 

“Ray and His Group”

The existence of two projects is confirmed in a brief but illuminating June 4, 2021 email exchange between Aiken Economic Development Director Tim O’Briant and WTC Investments, LLC representative Chip Goforth involving the assignment of properties by the Chamber of Commerce, purchase contract earnest money, a cost-share agreement invoice, and the future of the project. 

The two were cleaning house on the remants of the first public-private zone, which had crumbled when Weldon Wyatt’s development company GAC, LLC withdrew from the project in mid May, 2021.  Subsequent to the latest Wyatt exit from a major city project, the Aiken Chamber of Commerce, in coordination with the AMDC, had negotiated the “assignment” of WTC Investments’ contracts for the Shah and Newberry Hall properties. 

This involved transferring the contracts to the Chamber which would hold them for the AMDC to purchase after it procured funds from City Council; and helping WTC Investments salvage $135,000 in nonrefundable earnest deposits for its contracts. Yes, the city devoted administrative labor to insuring Mr. Wyatt recovered his otherwise nonrefundable earnest money. 

The AMDC opted to keep this entire affair secret, as it did with its private efforts to recruit a new developer, an effort that also involved Aiken Alley Holdings, referred to at the time as “Ray and his group.” 

In addition to confirming the two project zones, the exchange also indicates an amiable relationship, in spite of the Wyatt camp’s recent withdrawal from the project, and that Mr. O’Briant provided sympathetic assistance to WTC Investment’s efforts to retrieve their $135,000 in non refundable earnest money. 

In his email, Goforth wrote: 

How was your meeting with Andy Cajka. Thanks for helping get both Contracts assigned, glad we did the way we did and not a creative way. Better to all be on the same page. Will the Invoice attached work for reimbursement of the costs we spent. Let me know if you need anything. Also, sounds like Rays group has a lot of interest in the apartment side of the development. (1) 

O’Briant responded fifteen minutes later: 

The invoice looks fine. I’ll get that processed for you next week. It’s been busy but things are looking pretty good. The meeting with Andy was excellent. I hope to have a half dozen proposals in hand by a deadline next week to compare. Also waiting to see what Ray and his group come up with whatever it is it should be good for downtown. Hopefully we can figure out soon whether there’s a good way to overlap the two projects or if they work best independently. 

I’m really glad we were able to get the contract worked out so we can go ahead and get you the earnest money back and make it all clean. Thanks for your help on that end.

O’Briant-Goforth email
The O’Briant-Goforth email. Obtained via FOIA.

There were two project areas and two projects, one controlled by “Ray and his group” and one controlled by the AMDC and its private partner. In the beginning the private partner sought legal counsel and aid from Ray Massey’s law firm. In the existing stages, it is unknown what role the developers in RPM are playing in the plans of Ray and his group. 

The Wyatt Months: The Two Projects Merged

The issue of overlapping projects versus independent projects led to the creation of several design options in April, 2021; options that were scheduled to be presented to Aiken City Council on April 19th but never made it onto any public meeting agendas. 

In early April Boudreaux had late draft plans, but there was some disagreement over the future of Ray and his group’s recently purchased properties in The Alley. During the discussions, their retail and office buildings in The Alley are referred to as “The Laurens Center” and this designation also appears on some maps. 

In preparation for a meeting between AMDC Executive Director Tim O’Briant, Boudreaux, and Weldon Wyatt, Boudreaux group President Heather Mitchell wrote: 

Tim and Weldon spoke this morning. Weldon has clarified that he wanted to understand the impact of excluding the Laurens Center Alley buildings from the site, however he does want to proceed with developing the plan in accordance with the Option 2 version that includes rebuilding on the Alley (Laurens Center) retail site.

Three options focused mostly on The Alley portion were under discussion at that meeting: 

Option 2 involved retail space in The Alley extending deeper to the north and underneath the proposed parking deck. 

Option 2: “No Alley Building” involved leaving existing Alley retail buildings as is. This was looked at “per Weldon’s request,” and the issue that arose was that not modifying The Alley retail buildings would lead to a smaller hotel and less apartment space. 

Option 2A; “No Alley Building” involved a “reconsidered hotel location. Hotel is at corner of Richland and Laurens which gets it back to 100 rooms.

In an email, O’Briant wrote that he preferred the second option: keeping the existing retail. 

There is also a set of plans, obtained via FOIA, (see below), that shows a smaller hotel behind the Alley retail, with the lobby of the hotel at the same ground floor as retail. These could be the plans that have been described by Art and Soul co-owner Stacy O’Sullivan in Part Two of this series, and plans to build residential and/or hotel above the existing Alley buildings may still be in the works. 

The decision in the April 19, 2021 Conceptual Design Plans appeared to favor Option 2 .

The Two Projects Separate, But Ray’s Group Swims in Both Pools

Following the end of the AMDC/Wyatt partnership, the city secretly pursued a new developer. In the May 19, 2021 solicitation for Requests for Proposals (2), the AMDC only offered Option 2a, with a new hotel replacing the Hotel Aiken and no activity in The Alley. Apartments and a parking garage would replace the vacant historic Johnson Drug Store and adjacent existing businesses; a conference center would replace Newberry Hall. 

This is also the vision the AMDC and its chosen developer, RPM Development Partners, presented to the pubic between November 2021 and April 2022, when the AMDC unilaterally announced, without any public or even City Council input, a  conference center in the soon-to-be vacated City Hall at 214 Park Ave. W — an issue to be addressed in Part 4 of this series. 

Ray and his group retain control and ownership of the “Laurens Center” retail center in The Alley, as well as the former State Farm building (which it has offered as a “trade” with the City of Aiken in exchange for a portion of Newberry Street). Their plans are not publicly disclosed, but their property is now in the center of the larger Pascalis footprint. 

Ray and his group also sought to purchase part of the City’s municipal building complex in January, 2022. While that offer was tabled, the purchase agreement with the city remains in the files, and Part 4 of this series will discuss how Ray and his group tried to buy city property at a sizeable discount. 


Next: Part 4: Ray and His Group Angle for City Property

Part 5: The AMDC Pulls a Fast One: Old City Hall as a Conference Center. 

For Reference

(1) The invoice referred to the cost-sharing of the Boudreaux Group’s conceptual design. 

Andy Cajka is a member of the Clemson University Research Foundation. According to his bio on the foundations’s website, he is “the founder and president of Southern Hospitality Group, LLC, a hotel management and development company in Greenville, South Carolina. Prior to starting his own business, Mr. Cajka was a managing member of Hyatt Hotels Corporation from 1986 until 1998.” 

(2) The summary of that RFP is posted on the AMDC “transparency page.” Requests for the entire RFP continue to be denied by the city on the basis of a FOIA exemption. However, that exemption does not mandate nondisclosure, it is a choice. 

Project Pascalis Includes The Alley (A Four Part Series): Part Two

Option 2 Included a Radical Vision for The Alley

by Don Moniak

July 6, 2022

Until now, the AMDC has only revealed Option 2A (1) from its early 2021 deliberations. Option 2A was forwarded to select developers, along with a project “summary” (2) in a private solicitation for a request for proposals for an area only encompassing the “Shah Property” and Newberry Hall — but not The Alley. This solicitation represented a change in the direction of the project management, but not in the overall project vision detailed in the never released Option 2, a vision involving a radical redevelopment of The Alley. 

The Early Days of Project Pascalis: Option 2 Emerges

One week after the Aiken Municipal Development Commission (AMDC) announced a major, vaguely defined redevelopment effort named Project Pascalis, commission Chairman Keith Wood and Executive Director Tim O’Briant signed a cost sharing agreement with Weldon Wyatt’s GAC, LLC. (3) As with the Wyatt-Boudreaux agreement, references to “historic preservation” are absent. Demolition was the only consideration, and renovations were not options. 

Boudreaux Group architecture and its two subconsultants moved forward with an aggressive schedule of site visits, workshops, research, and preliminary design. While the Boudreaux Group was working on behalf of GAC, LLC, it was also designing for the Alley property recently obtained by Ray Massey’s Aiken Alley Holdings, and city owned property across from it, although no agreement detailing this arrangement is publicly available yet. 

The week of April 12 passed without the scheduled “presentation to city council and invited stakeholders,” and the AMDC only discussed the project in closed executive session on April 13th. 

On April 15th, Weldon Wyatt and Newberry Hall’s Myrtle Anderson signed a purchase and sale agreement for $2 million and options for the business’ operators to negotiate to repurchase a new building, operate the new conference center, and even be compensated for lost income during construction. 

Four days later the “Project Pascalis Conceptual Plans” were complete and ready for review.  The plan’s aerial view continued to match the description in the Boudreaux-Wyatt agreement, with the Aiken Antique Mall and the east half of The Alley remaining in the project footprint.

(Note: click on images, below, to enlarge views).

The conceptual plans, obtained on July 2, 2022, via a Freedom of Information Act request, featured “Option 2,” with the Hotel Aiken and Laurens properties replaced by ground floor retail below a three story apartment complex, a “Boutique Hotel” at the corner of Richland and Newberry, a conference center/apartments/garage complex replacing Newberry Hall, and street pattern changes on Richland and Newberry Street. 

Option 2: Five-story “Boutique Hotel” at the corner of Richland and Newberry. To the left is the 5-story conference center/parking garage/apartments complex at the corner of Newberry and The Alley.

Most dramatically, the plan envisioned retail space topped by four stories of apartments on the north side of The Alley; three stories across from it on city owned property, and a three story, elevated, enclosed walkway above the east entrance connecting apartments and providing a pathway to the parking garage. 

These plans were never shared as promised in mid-March by AMDC officials. The plans were shown to some of Massey’s newly acquired tenants. One of them is Stacy O’Sullivan, co-owner of “Art and Soul” gallery in The Alley. In 2019, “Aiken Blend” wrote of her and business partner Kim Rising’s presence in The Alley in an “entrepreneur of the week” profile: 

Art and Soul of Aiken isn’t exactly what you would call a “traditional” gallery. It is a place where local Aiken area artists can display their work in a free spirited and supportive space. Stacy O’Sullivan and Kim Rising established this co-op style business three years ago in a hidden store front on Richland Avenue. Two years ago, the business moved into the Alley. Since then, the two have had nothing but success. (4)

Their success must not have impressed her new landlords. O’Sullivan has described a visit from Massey and investment partner Todd Gaul, during which they revealed conceptual plans for their building, stating “We know this will take permits and such, but The City loves projects like this and it will not be a problem.”

O’Sullivan also describes an effort by Massey and Gaul to “illegally evict” them from their four-year old business home, and their intent to triple the rent, all while paying lip service to serious maintenance issues such as flooding in the recently renovated alley following heavy rains 

 Happy Days End 

While Massey and Gaul might not have anticipated a problem with the city, they should have anticipated one with Weldon Wyatt, especially considering his abrupt and unexplained withdrawal in January, 2020 from a purchase contract with Aiken County for the “old hospital” property at 828 Richland Ave E. 

Between April 19th and May 14th, two things happened. First, the preliminary cost estimates were completed on schedule. The estimates include a total budget of $118,372,104 and ninety eight cents; and total costs for “demolition and abatement” of the “Hotel Aiken, 108 Laurens Street, Holley House Motel, and Retail/Office Richland, Newberry, and The Alley” of $712,248. (5) 

Second, the man described by the AMDC a month previously as an “experienced and well-capitalized” private developer bailed on yet another major development on Mayor Rick Osbon’s wish list. Similar to the unexplained cancellation of the “old hospital” deal, the reason for the Project Pascalis exit remains a mystery. 

Instead of reassessing the project, AMDC officials scrambled to salvage the effort to demolish and reconstruct a major portion of historic downtown Aiken. As previously reported in A Project Pascalis Timeline, on May 14th “The Chamber of Commerce takes ‘assignment’ of the Shah property contracts, while the AMDC seeks funding to purchase them on behalf of the city. This all occurs behind closed doors.” (. ) Not until June 2 would the Chamber also arrange for “assignment” of the Newberry Hall property. 

The absence of a contract continuation with Newberry Hall’s owners did not deter the AMDC from immediately seeking a new developer for both the Shah and Newberry properties. On May 19th the AMDC sent its private solicitations for Requests for Proposals to continue the project—minus the Aiken Alley Holdings property and the Aiken Antique Mall.

There is no known formal agreement between the AMDC and Aiken Alley Holdings, but some form of unwritten agreement must have remained. Six days after the Chamber of Commerce took one for the team by taking assignment of the Newberry Hall property, Aiken Alley Holdings, LLC closed on the purchase of longtime State Farm agent Joseph Harrison’s 121 Newberry Street for $675,000, adding to the holdings in the original Pascalis footprint. 

Just over three months later, Massey was present at a “public meeting” at Victor’s Restaurant in Florence, SC hosted by the Raines Company. Two months later he was the agent for the newly formed RPM Development Partners, LLC; a consortium of Massey and other local, unnamed investors, the developers Rainesco and Lat Purser. In early December, 2021 RPM was named the Pascalis developer, pending a master agreement, although the legal advertisement for RFPs was not submitted until mid December. 


Next up: Project Pascalis Includes The Alley (A Four-Part Series): Part 3: The City, Wyatt, Ray and His Group, and Creative Ways.

For Reference

(1) The AMDC placed “Option 2A” on its “transparency page, but not Option 2; probably because a FOIA or other official request only asked for information pertaining to the AMDC’s private RFP solicitation in May 2021. This is known in some circles as willful nondisclosure. 


(2) https://aikenmdc.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Pascalis-summary.pdf

In the solicitation, the AMDC offers to privatize a part of Newberry Street. The entire solicitation remains secret to this day, withheld under a FOIA exemption by the City of Aiken, despite fact that FOIA clearly states the city “may” release the documents. The AMDC does not deny the solicitation is only for demolition, not renovation of Hotel Aiken and surrounding properties. 

(3) https://aikenmdc.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Pre-development-cost-sharing-GAC-LLC-pascalis.pdf 

(Released by the AMDC in response to an unidentified FOIA request or other official request)

(4) https://aikenblend.com/2019/04/10/entrepreneur-of-the-week-stacy-osullivan-kim-rising/

(5) Draft Preliminary Order of Magnitude Cost Estimate Analysis. Project Pascalis. Obtained via the SC Freedom of Information Act from the City of Aiken, July 2, 2022. 

Project Pascalis Includes the Alley (A Three Part Series): Part One

The Wyatt-Boudreaux Agreement

Recently obtained documents confirm the evolution of the $75-100 million downtown demolition and reconstruction effort known as Project Pascalis. While one of the earliest project descriptions indicated a greater presence on Laurens Street, every conceptual design from the early days includes substantial development in The Alley, and an absence of options for renovating historic buildings such as the Hotel Aiken. 

Today, The Alley is in the midst of the project area, yet city officials have denied or downplayed any plans that may impact the popular gathering area and its businesses, just as officials withheld conceptual designs from 2021—just four years removed from the multi-million dollar renovation that disrupted local businesses for more than a year. 

For example, at the Aiken Municipal Development Commission’s (AMDC) April 20, 2022 public “design review” meeting, the following submitted question was read aloud by the meeting’s Zoom moderator: 

How much more will the Project Pascalis footprint grow? In 2020 downtown redevelopment only included properties fronting Richland and the new municipal building. The most recent online map includes Newberry. Now with the addition of the (old) Municipal building the project (area) has grown threefold and an (private) ownership island occupies the middle. Are there any plans for this existing private property?

The answer from AMDC executive director and meeting moderator Tim O’Briant was: “there are none.” (1) 

One of the earliest Project Pascalis documents is the Wyatt-Boudreaux Group letter of  agreement, recently obtained from the City of Aiken via a Freedom of Information Act request. 

On March 12, 2021 Boudreaux Group of Columbia President Heather Mitchell signed an agreement to complete  “Downtown Development Project Conceptual Design Services” on behalf of Wyatt Development (GAC, LLC) (2) for an unnamed project involving a 100 room hotel, 125 unit apartment complex, conference center with a 450 seat capacity, upscale retail space, and a parking garage large enough to complement the development. 

The Wyatt-Boudreaux agreement was finalized ten days after Weldon’s WTC Investments, LLC had signed a contract to purchase three downtown properties—collectively referred to later as the “Shah Property”—for $7.5 million. (3) WTC’s involvement came only one year after it backed out of a similar project at the “old hospital” and Aiken County office complex at 828 Richland Ave E. (4) Its “agent” in both the downtown Aiken deal and the failed old hospital venture was Aiken Attorney Ray Massey, whose law partner Gary Smith has served as Aiken City Attorney for more than twenty years. 

The Wyatt-Boudreaux agreement described the project as encompassing everything from The Antique Mall on Laurens to the Hotel Aiken, wrapping east around Richland Avenue to Newberry Street, south to The Alley, and north up Bee Lane. The description clearly includes buildings in The Alley as well as the eastern portion of the Aiken Municipal Building on The Alley’s south side. 

Aiken Antique Malll
Aiken Antique Mall, Candidate for Demolition in March 2021

Three days after the agreement was signed by Boudreaux and sent to Wyatt for his signature and Tim O’Briant for his records, Ray Massey’s “Aiken Alley Holdings, LLC” moved forward on procuring a key portion of The Alley for the project.  On March 15th his investment firm—registered with the SC Secretary of State only a month prior—closed on a $2.025 million deal for 200 The Alley and 214 The Alley, parcels housing TakoSushi, Aiken Taproom, and several other businesses.  The deal also included a parking area behind 214 The Alley on Bee Lane. 

Three days after the closing, the AMDC publicly announced Project Pascalis. Few details were announced beyond the news of a commission resolution allowing AMDC Chair Keith Wood and O’Briant to pursue an agreement with an “experienced and well-capitalized” private developer the commission had “recruited and identified.” 

In a subsequent interview, Tim O’Briant told the Aiken Standard  “transparency is key” and promised additional pubic information within a few months. The Boudreaux/Wyatt agreement specified a timeline of April 12, 2021 for a presentation to City Council and “invited stakeholders.” The terms “public meeting” and “public hearing” are absent from the agreement. 

That schedule was never met. No public meetings or presentations to council were held in April, 2021.  However, the AMDC did meet behind closed doors in Executive Session on April 13th; a habit the commission would undertake during more than sixty percent of its meetings in the next six months. (5) 


Coming Soon: Project Pascalis Includes The Alley (A Four-Part Series) Part Two: Option 2.

References

(1) April 20, 2021 AMDC “Design Workshop,” 5:30 meeting to 7:00 pm meeting that extended into a scheduled City Council work session. Listen to question/answer at 2:56:07 in the video below.

(2) Weldon Wyatt signed the agreement on March 23. The words “Wyatt Development Company” are crossed out below the letterhead and on the signature page, and  “GAC, LLC” is handwritten in their place.  This typo may have foreshadowed Wyatt’s early exit from the project; as well as the general lack of attention to detail that has plagued the project. The last version of Wyatt Development, LLC was actually dissolved in April, 2013. 

(3) From: “Resolution Authorizing Acceptance of Assignments

Adopted November 9, 2021” Aiken Municipal Development Commission: 

“In anticipation of the Commission’s efforts to consolidate ownership of real property in connection with Project Pascalis, the Greater Aiken County Chamber of Commerce (the “Chamber of Commerce”) has entered into the following purchase and sale agreeme for the acquisition of such real property: (i) a Purchase and Sale Agreement by and between Myrtle H. Anderson, seller, and WTC Investments, LLC, as purchaser, dated April 15, 2021 (the “Anderson Agreement”), for the purchase ofreal property identified as TMS# 121-21-08-004(the “Anderson Property”) for the purchase price of $2,000,000; and (ii) a Purchase and Sale Agreement by and among Historic Hospitality, LLC, S&N Hospitality, LLC, Shah Enterprises, LLC, and Paresh Shah, LLC, collectively as sellers, and WTC Investments, LLC, as purchaser, dated March 2, 2021 (the “Shah Agreement” and together with the Anderson Agreement, the “Agreements”), for the purchase of real property identified as TMS# 121-21-09-002121-21-08- 001121-21-08-002121-21-08-003121-21-08-009, and 121-21-09-001 (the “Shah Property” and collectively with the Anderson Property, the “Properties”), for the purchase price of $7,500,000. (5) Pursuant to a bond ordinance of City Council enacted August 23, 2021, the City issued its $9,600,000 General Obligation Bond, Taxable Series 2021.” 

(4) https://aikenchronicles.com/2022/06/21/project-pascalis-and-the-wyatt-factor/

(5) https://aikenchronicles.com/2022/07/01/project-pascalis-transparency-index/

A Project Pascalis Timeline

This is “a timeline,” regarding the creation, promotion, and stealth of the $100 million dollar plus downtown Aiken demolition and redevelopment endeavor known as Project Pascalis from February 2019 through June 2022. 

It is not “the timeline.” Due to the City of Aiken’s continued secrecy surrounding key aspects of Project Pascalis, gaps in knowledge remain. For example, the city still refuses to release its full May 2021 solicitation for a Request for Proposals. 

Therefore, it is unknown whether any option to renovate the Hotel Aiken was offered to prospective developers; although the evidence to date strongly suggests the only option was demolition. The importance of this key issue cannot be overstated: if the solicitation dictated what the city wanted, then Project Pascalis is a homegrown project and its developers are mere contractors undertaking the wishes of its client. 

February 2019 

February 1: : Weldon and Tom Wyatt of “Wyatt Development” (which was dissolved in 2013) meets with Aiken Mayor Rick Osbon to discuss his $1.1 million offer to Aiken County to purchase the 9.3 acre “old hospital” and county administrative building property at 828 Richland Avenue, E. for $1.1 million 

February 5: Mayor Osbon sends letter to Aiken County Chairman Gary Bunker describing his meeting with Wyatt executives and expressing his support for their vision for the old hospital property. 

February 19: WTC Investments, LLC is registered as doing business in South Carolina with the Secretary of State. Attorney Ray Massey is the listed agent. (Unknown: presence of absence of Mr. Massey at February 1 meeting with Mayor.)

April 2019 

April 16: WTC Investments, LLC enters into a purchase and sale agreement (PSA) with Aiken County to purchase the “old hospital” property at 828 Richland Avenue, E. for $1.1 million dollars.  

WTC manager Tom Wyatt, son of Weldon Wyatt, announces plan to demolish existing historic structures and construct a new hotel, apartment complex, conference center, and parking garage. 

August 2019

Ordinance establishing the Aiken Municipal Development Commission (AMDC) passed by Aiken City Council and governed by South Carolina Community Development Law. Citizens told Commission will enable increased public input and participation in planning process. 

November 2019: 

Aiken City Council passes rezoning ordinance approving the Wyatts’ concept plan for the old hospital/County complex site. 

January 2020

January 12: WTC Attorney Ray Massey informs Aiken County officials they are withdrawing from the old hospital purchase contract.

May 2020

May 26, 2020 First meeting of the AMDC. Commissioners receive tutorials on the Freedom of Information Act, Ethics, and South Carolina Community Development Law. (In the next twenty four months the Commission, always meeting at 3:30 pm, would enter into closed executive sessions forty percent of their meeting time. During the Pascalis planning and negotiations this figure increased to more than sixty percent.) 

July 2020 

July 15: The Aiken Municipal Development Commission submits a “Redevelopment Plan for Downtown Aiken” to the City of Aiken. The plan does not include properties on Newberry Street currently inhabited by Newberry Hall and Warneke Cleaners. No public hearing is held by the Commission as required by community development law. 

August 2020

August 31. Attorney General Alan Wilson announces a $600 million dollar settlement to more than four years of litigation with the Department of Energy regarding storage of surplus nuclear weapons plutonium at the Savannah River Site. Wilson states that after attorney fees of $75 million, $525 million remains for the legislature to allocate. 

August 2020. Aiken City Council approves first reading of the downtown redevelopment plan. 

September 2020

September 14: Aiken City Council amends the AMDC ordinance, replacing three City Council members with three new voting members, and reclassifying council members as ex-officio. Chamber of Commerce President J. David Jameson, former city councilperson Philip Merry, and Second Baptist Church pastor Douglas Slaughter are added as voting commissioners. 

Second reading of minor redevelopment plan passes. 

September 2020 to December 2020: AMDC discusses plutonium funding lobbying efforts. A letter requesting $30 million for redevelopment purposes is sent to the legislative delegation and other officials. 

January 2021. 

January 4: WTC Investments, LLC dissolves. 

Unknown date in early 2021: WTC Investments, LLC signs contract to purchase Hotel Aiken, and the adjacent motel, 106 Laurens Street, the former Johnson Drug Store, and Warneke Cleaners from Shah Investments and other Shah family holdings. 

March 2021: 

March 15: Royal J. Robbins and Garnett Family Holdings sell 210 The Alley to Aiken Alley Holdings LLC for $2,025,000. Ray Massey is agent for Aiken Holdings LLC. (This property was adjacent to the original Project Pascalis footprint, but is now within it). 

March 18, 2021: AMDC first announces the existence of Project Pascalis. City of Aiken Development Director Tim O’Briant tells the Aiken Standard “Transparency is key” and promises more pubic information within a few months. (Although details are not released, even the initial plan was to demolish Hotel Aiken and surrounding properties and construct a new hotel, apartments, parking garage, and conference center complex similar to that originally proposed at 828 Richland Ave. E, the old hospital). 

O’Briant and Chair Keith Wood authorized by the Commission to execute an agreement with an unnamed, “experienced and well-capitalized” private developer that was “recruited and identified” by the AMDC. (public learns in 2022 that developer was Weldon Wyatt’s GAC LLC; and only in the November 4,  2021 meeting minutes is it revealed that WTC, Investments, LLC was involved with property purchases). 

April 2021

April 13: Aiken Standard reports AMDC meeting behind closed doors to discuss Project Pascalis, indicating it involves downtown properties. 

April 15: WTC Investments, LLC signs purchase and sale agreement with Newberry Hall property owner Myrtle Anderson to buy the property for $2 million. Modified lease agreement provides Newberry Hall business operators options to negotiate repurchase the new building, operate the new conference center, and receive compensation for lost income during construction stages. 

Vampire Penguin opens for business at 106 Laurens Street, while planning to demolish the building proceeds in secrecy. 

May 2021:  

May 5: WTC Investments, LLC re-registered to do business in South Carolina. Agent: Attorney Ray Massey. 

May ?? 2021. WTC Investments, LLC withdraws from its contracts to purchase downtown properties. The Chamber of Commerce takes “assignment” of the property contracts while the AMDC seeks funding to purchase them on behalf of the city. This all occurs behind closed doors. 

May  19, 2021. The AMDC sends solicitations for Requests for Proposals to continue the new hotel/apartments/garage/conference center project to select developers. In the solicitation, the AMDC offers to privatize a part of Newberry Street. (The entire solicitation remains secret to this day, withheld under a FOIA exemption by the City of Aiken, despite fact that FOIA clearly states the city “may” release the documents. The AMDC does not deny the solicitation is only for demolition, not renovation of Hotel Aiken and surrounding properties.) 

June 2021 

June 8: Longtime State Farm agent Joseph Harrison sells his office property at 121 Newberry Street SW—adjacent to Newberry Hall—to Aiken Alley Holdings LLC (Ray Massey, agent) for $675,000. 

July 2021: 

July 12, 2021. AMDC Chair Keith Wood sends letter requesting $10 million in city funds from Aiken City Council to purchase “Parkway area properties” between Morgan and Williamsburg Street. 

August 2021

August 25: City of Aiken approves $10 million in funding for the AMDC to purchase properties in the “Parkway District” bounded by Morgan Street, Hampton Avenue, Park Avenue, and Beaufort Street. Exact properties remain unspecified. 

September 2021

September 20, 2021: AMDC announces it will conduct a fact finding trip to review the redevelopment of downtown Florence. 

September , 2021: AMDC and several officials, joined by Attorney Ray Massey and representatives of Rainesco hold a “public meeting “ at a Florence restaurant. Meeting minutes are noticeably short. 

October 2021 

October , 2021. RPM Development Partners, LLC registers with the SC Secretary of State. Agent: Ray Massey. Key Players: Rainesco and Lat Purser (RPM likely to represent Raines, Purser, and Massey).  Story not reported. 

October , 2021: City of Aiken signs contract with Attorney Gary Pope for assistance with legal counsel. (This agreement cited in May 2021 as evidence of City Attorney Gary Smith’s “recusal” from all things Pascalis, but no such recusal is in document). 

November 2021

November 5: In an Aiken Standard article, Development Director O’Briant again emphasized the need for transparency, and stated the AMDC would soon have a website to share information. 

November 6: Project Pascalis is discussed at a Design Review Board meeting. Responding to a question about the future of Hotel Aiken, City Manager Stuart Bedenbaugh states a decision is still pending. 

November 9: AMDC announces the purchase of several downtown properties for a total of $9.5 million, including Newberry Hall and Warneke Cleaners. The information is shared on the AMDC’s website, aikenmdc.org

Aiken Standard fails to report involvement of the Chamber of Commerce. 

According to County Records and the AMDC report, the purchases were: 

106 Laurens St SW for $1 Million from Shah Enterprises. 

235 Richland Ave (Hotel Aiken) and 112 Bee Lane/219 Richland Ave (The motel portion of Hotel Aiken) for $4.25 million from Historic Hospitality LLC (which had “purchased” the hotel in 2017 from Shah Enterprises for $5). 

211 Richland Ave West, 203 Richland Ave West, and 113 Newberry Street (Warneke Cleaners) for $2.25 million from S & N Hospitality LLC (which had purchased the properties in 2018 for $ 1 million from Myrtle Anderson). 

111 Newberry Street (Newberry Hall) for $2 million from Myrtle Anderson. 

December 2021

December 3, 2021. RPM Development Partners announced as Project Pascalis developer. Purchase and Sale agreement made between RPM . Aiken Standard reports that AMDC owned properties scheduled to be “razed.” (Document released in April 2021 shows that one developer rejected in part for only offering $1 million for Hotel Aiken). 

December 13 and 20; 2021. AMDC advertises for Requests for Proposals for Project Pascalis, as required by community development law, but after choosing a developer. 

December 26-December 31: At the urging of the AMDC, Rainesco CEO Grey Raines hosts five private meetings organized by Aiken Chamber of Commerce President and AMDC Commissioner J. David Jameson. AMDC Director Tim O’Briant attends every meeting with Commissioner Jameston. (City of Aiken denies the meetings qualify under Open Meetings clause of FOIA). 

January 2022

January 4: : Rainesco engineers conduct structural assessment of Hotel Aiken, even though decision to demolish building was made behind closed doors in early 2021. 

January 22: Aiken Standard reports that “CTR, LLC, a group of local investors led by attorney Ray Massey, has offered $800,000” for two city-owned properties: the east half of the 214 Park Avenue municipal building and the parking lot across from the Hotel Aiken. Council meets in Executive Session to discuss the offer, no results are reported. Attorney Massey’s law partner, City Attorney Gary Smith, does not recuse himself from the proceedings. 

February 2022

Feburary 17: DRB tours Hotel Aiken during a “special work session.” 

March 2022

March 1: DRB approves demolition of Hotel Aiken and 106 Laurens Street by a vote of 6-1. Vice-Chair Lucy Knowles casts sole dissenting vote. (Councilperson Andrea Gregory withdraws support for Ms. Knowles within a month of the vote, and nominates non-resident Laura Blessing to the Board to replace Ms. Knowles at the end of her term). 

March 28: Ten months after AMDC offered part of Newberry Street to interested developers, Aiken City Council conducts first public hearing (reading) of ordinance to privatize  0.6 acres of Newberry Street, in exchange for 123 Newberry St. SW and parking area behind 210 The Alley. Council unanimously approves first reading of ordinance despite nearly 100 percent of comments being against the proposal.  City Attorney Gary Smith acts in usual parliamentarian role. 

April 2022

April 15: Aiken Standard reports unilateral AMDC decision to repurpose soon to be vacated 214 Park Avenue municipal building into the new conference center. Tim O’Briant credits DRB Chairman McDonald Law with the suggestion. (Mr. Law later denies this was an “ex-parte” communication that violates FOIA Open Meetings law). Aiken County Chair Gary Bunker expresses concern about stalled negotiations with city to utilize the building for office space for county judicial functions. 

April 20: AMDC holds first public meetings to discuss entirety of Project Pascalis. RPM Development Partners, LLC and City contractors devote 85% of the scheduled meeting time to presentations before accepting a single comment or question. Public comments at the first meeting is suspended after an hour due to “prior engagements” of Raines representatives. Two AMDC Commissioners, Keith Wood and Chris Verenes, speak in favor of the project without disclosing their affiliation. 

Attorney Gary Pope sits at a city meeting for the first time, in place of City Attorney Gary Smith. Mr. Pope offers the information that Mr. Smith called him at “an early point in the project” to recused himself; but provides no date. (No written recusal documentation is offered in response to subsequent FOIA requests). 

May 2022

May 9: Aiken City Council votes 6-1 on second reading 6-1 to approve Newberry StreetOrdinance, with councilperson Ed Woltz the lone dissenting vote. Among other falsehoods, Councilperson Kay Brohl supports her yes vote by describing The Alley as an unlively place prior to the city’s 2016 renovation. AMDC Commissioner Philip Merry speaks in favor of the proposal without revealing his affiliation. Attorney Gary Pope sits in place of City Attorney Gary Smith. 

May 10: Lawsuit filed by area resident and Aiken property owner Drew Johnson documenting conflict of interest violations by City Attorney Gary Smith due to the role of his law partner Ray Massey in Project Pascalis. (In subsequent response, defendants do not deny the allegations but call for dismissal on jurisdictional grounds). 

May 11, 2022: Formation of the Do It Right! Alliance is announced, with the goal of preserving historic properties and holding city officials accountable to the law. 

May 15: AMDC releases “Just the Facts…,” revealing its intent to resell city properties to developers at a discounted price. 

June 2022

June 7, 2022: Aiken Downtown Development Association sponsors public “design workshop” to solicit comments on modified design of Hotel Aiken facade. AMDC Director Tim O’Briant tells WJBF News in Augusta that appraisals were unnecessary because the property is like gold. 

June 21, 2022. Design Review Board holds “design workshop.” Attendees not told until beginning of the meeting of a no public comment policy. City officials summon a police offer 

June 24, 2022: City of Aiken posts 45 notices announcing DRB public hearing on proposed demolition of Newberry Hall, Warneke Cleaners, Motel portion of Hotel Aiken, Johnson Drug Store, Taj Aiken Restaurant, and adjacent businesses. 

June 27: Historical Aiken Foundation, which is identified as a key city partner in its strategic development plan, releases fact sheet documenting concerns that support its opposition to Project Pascalis.

Next: August to September, 2022.